GNSS-IR-Based Snow Depth Estimation: A Case Study for CRIOS Network on Svalbard

The article presents the methodology for GNSS-IR data processing and the determination of the snow depth parameter based on data from three monitoring stations of the CRIOS network on Svalbard.

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Abstract Among the different approaches to the use of surface-reflected global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) signals in Earth sciences is GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR), which allows the measurement of the distance between a GNSS antenna and a reflecting surface by analyzing the time-series variations of the signal-to-noise ratio parameter. This method can be used to monitor changes in the height of the reflecting surface, including the depth of snow cover. The study presents, for the first time, the application of GNSS-IR to snow cover monitoring in the Svalbard region, based on data from three monitoring stations of the Cryosphere Integrated Observatory Network on Svalbard network. The article presents the methodology for data processing and determination of the snow depth parameter and validation of the obtained results based on in-situ measurements. In addition, the study includes a detailed analysis of the suitability of the most frequently used observation types in all four multi-GNSS constellations. For the one-year period studied (between September 2023 and August 2024), the mean error of snow depth estimation was on the order of a few centimeters, with a median of daily standard deviations in the range of 2.4–5.4 cm and correlation coefficients with manual and automatic measurements in the range of 0.83–0.93. A similar suitability for estimating the snow depth parameter was observed for all tested types of multi-GNSS observations, with a slight advantage for L5 signals. This case study enables the enhancement of polar research conducted by field scientists by offering GNSS-IR as an automated alternative to traditional manual snow depth measurements.
Publication date 2025-08-27
Publication type Journal article
Publication authors (CENAGIS users)
Other Authors
    • Maciej Grzymała
    • maciej.grzymala@pw.edu.pl
    • WUT
    • Dominik Próchniewicz
    • dominik.prochniewicz@pw.edu.pl
    • WUT
Publication language English
ISBN
ISSN 2151-1535
Format
Dataset DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3603421
Related datasets GNSS-IR observations from the CRIOS Hornsund monitoring station
GNSS-IR observations from the CRIOS Longyearbyen monitoring station
GNSS-IR observations from the CRIOS Ny-Alesund monitoring station
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Name of metadata editor Dominik Próchniewicz [wyszukaj w katalogu]
Email metadata editor dominik.prochniewicz@pw.edu.pl
Date of metadata edit 2026-03-10